erikkwakkel:

houghtonlib:

Apian, Peter, 1495-1552. Astronomicum Caesareum, 1540.

*GC5.Ap34.540a

Houghton Library, Harvard University

This more complex volvelle has multiple moving parts, including several outer dials, with a smaller, independently rotating disk inside. Click here for a larger version of this image than Tumblr file sizes permit.

Interactive books before the iPad. As far as I can tell, the tradition goes back to the late 13th century.